What does the Training process mean?????

The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, observers of the labour-market recognize today the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development.

One can generally categorize such training as on-the-job or off-the-job:

§ On-the-job training takes place in a normal working situation, using the actual tools, equipment, documents or materials that trainees will use when fully trained. On-the-job training has a general reputation as most effective for vocational work.

§ Off-the-job training takes place away from normal work situations — implying that the employee does not count as a directly productive worker while such training takes place. Off-the-job training has the advantage that it allows people to get away from work and concentrate more thoroughly on the training itself. This type of training has proven more effective in inculcating concepts and ideas.

Training differs from exercise in that people may dabble in exercise as an occasional activity for fun. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, and performance.

Organization!!!!!!

An organization is an entity where two or more persons work together to achieve a goal or a common purpose.
There are so many organizations around us. Daily we visit and see many organizations like hospitals, colleges, factories, farms and government offices. Mosque/church is also an example of an organization. People go there and say prayers and activities of praying are to achieve a certain goal. Similarly, any unit in which two or more persons are working together for some purpose is called an organization.

Organization is a system comprised of various organs. It is to manage and organize things and organs in a proper order. It has a couple of branches. It has big and small organs. It is comprised of similar things. They all must be organized into a proper shape. It is easy to lick it in to shape when it came in to being. It grows by and by. It takes it time to be a normal one. It is always important to keep things in order in an organization.

The meaning of the word organization is generally divided into two parts; one is human organization and second is material organization. While business is the human economic activity. It involves continuous and regular production and distribution of goods and services with a view to earn profit. Money flowing in and earning of profit through the satisfaction of the customers are the two measuring rods of the success of business.
Business organization is a process or an art of establish effective cooperation between the factors of production (land, material, capital equipment, personnel) for producing or acquiring wealth with a view to earn profit in an enterprise.

The last important thing for any organization is that it requires main pillars of management i.e. POLCA:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Controlling
A manager must perform all theses management functions with assurance.

Organization helps in the efficient use of factors of production and thus reduces cost of production of goods. This helps to attain the goals and objectives of the business at the minimum cost. A good organization provides for the optimum use of technological improvement to create goodwill. All the marketing functions of goods such as buying, selling, transportation, storage, financing, risk taking product standardization and grading, etc are solved by the organization by fixing of responsibilities to everyone.

Need For HRM

Taking a look at people is a reward experience. It is the people who possess skills, abilities and aptitudes that offer competitive advantage to a firm. It is only human resource that is capable of deciding, implementing and controlling activities. No computer can substitute human brain, no machine can run without human intervention and organization has mandate to exist if it cannot serve people’s needs. HRM is study about people in organization-how they are hired, trained, compensated, motivated and maintained.

A factor Y is built not by god, but by human beings. It is people who build factories, structure organization and manage them successfully. How an idea is conceived by an entrepreneur, how building is constructed and machinery installed, how needed inputs are marshaled and put to use, and how goods and services are produced, is a saga which is no less thrilling and exciting than a general leading army to victory in a war, an invention made by scientist or a remedy discovered to cure AIDS disease.HRM, as stated above, offers a comprehensive picture about the people in an organization.

The rapid growth of globalization has increased the number and significance of MNC’s which in turn increase the mobility of people. Working for MNC’s is a challenging task. A typical management student is likely to take up a job in an MNC after completing his/her degree. A prior knowledge about HRM, particularly international HRM keeps him/her prepared for the challenges lying ahead.

Types of Benchmarking

1. Process benchmarking - The initiating firm focuses its observation and investigation of business processes with a goal of identifying and observing the best practices from one or more benchmark firms. Activity analysis will be required where the objective is to benchmark cost and efficiency; increasingly applied to back-office processes where outsourcing may be a consideration.
2. Financial benchmarking - Performing a financial analysis and comparing the results in an effort to assess your overall competitiveness and productivity.
3. Benchmarking from an investor perspective- Extending the benchmarking universe to also compare to peer companies that can be considered alternative investment opportunities from the perspective of an investor.
4. Performance benchmarking - Allows the initiator firm to assess their competitive position by comparing products and services with those of target firms.
5. Product benchmarking - The process of designing new products or upgrades to current ones. This process can sometimes involve reverse engineering which is taking apart competitors products to find strengths and weaknesses.
6. Strategic benchmarking - Involves observing how others compete. This type is usually not industry specific, meaning it is best to look at other industries.
7. Functional benchmarking - A company will focus its benchmarking on a single function to improve the operation of that particular function. Complex functions such as Human Resources, Finance and Accounting and Information and Communication Technology are unlikely to be directly comparable in cost and efficiency terms and may need to be disaggregated into processes to make valid comparison.
8. Best-in-class benchmarking - Involves studying the leading competitor or the company that best carries out a specific function.
9. Operational benchmarking - Embraces everything from staffing and productivity to office flow and analysis of procedures performed.

Application of Benchmarking

1. Understand in detail existing business processes.
2. Analyse the business processes of others.
3. Compare own business performance with that of others analysed.
4. Implement the steps necessary to close the performance gap

Benchmarking should not be considered a one-off exercise. To be effective, it must become an ongoing, integral part of an ongoing improvement process with the goal of keeping abreast of ever-improving best practice.

Leading benefits of Benchmarking

1. Reduce costs.
2. Help earn a 'green' designation, such as LEED-EB, ENERGY STAR, etc.
3. Identify best practices.
4. Add value to your facilities.
5. Support business case for change.
6. Identify strengths and weaknesses.
7. Justify costs and practices.
8. Justify energy efficiency improvements.
9. Conduct trend analysis.

Major Problem regarding Benchmarking??

One of the biggest mistakes organizations make when first benchmarking is that they limit their benchmarking activity to their own industry. Benchmarking within your industry is essential. However, you already have a pretty good idea how your industry performs so it's imperative that you reach outside and above your own industry into other industries that perform a similar process but may have to perform this process extremely well in order to succeed. Here are a couple examples of how one industry can leapfrog their competitor by learning and adapting a similar process from a totally different industry:-

Problem	Solution
Customer surveys indicate long wait times for hotel rooms, especially for repeat Customers.	Benchmarked admittance process with hospital emergency room departments resulting in dramatically reduced check-in times. Also netted less employees needed, automation for frequent hotel guests, and many more process improvements.
Routine maintenance on aircraft between flights such as refuelling, cleaning, tire checks taking too long. Plane on the ground means more planes and personnel are required to maintain high level of service and schedules. Need to reduce ground time required in between flights without sacrificing quality or safety of passengers.	Brainstormed and discovered Indy 500 racing team pit crews have a similar maintenance process and a similar requirement to get their vehicle back on the track as quickly and safely as possible. After benchmarking pit crews maintenance turn-around-times for aircraft between flights were reduced by more than half saving/making the airline millions of dollars within the first few years

Through Benchmarking you will discover:-

1. Who performs the business process very well and has process practices that are adaptable to your own organization?

2. Who is the most compatible for you to benchmark with?

3. If you need to conduct a comprehensive benchmark study or if you can obtain 80-90% of what you need from just using telephone, emails, or an electronic survey to communicate your needs with the other members on The Benchmarking Exchange.